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Networking ET/ICT/25/0092


Computer networking refers to the practice of connecting two or more computers or devices together to share resources, exchange data, and communicate efficiently. These connections can be wired (using cables) or wireless (using radio signals). Networking allows users to share files, printers, internet connections, and other services across local or global distances.

In simple terms, networking is what makes communication between computers possible — whether it’s sending an email, browsing the web, or playing online games. It forms the backbone of modern communication and business operations.

Types of Networks

  • Local Area Network (LAN): Connects computers within a small area like a school, office, or home. It’s fast and inexpensive.

  • Wide Area Network (WAN): Covers large geographical areas, connecting multiple LANs through routers and telecommunication links. The internet is the biggest example of a WAN.

  • Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): Connects networks across a city or large campus.

  • Personal Area Network (PAN): A small network around one person, like connecting a phone to a laptop via Bluetooth.

  • Wireless Network (WLAN): Uses Wi‑Fi signals instead of cables to connect devices.

Network Components

  • Router: Directs data between networks and connects devices to the internet.

  • Switch: Connects multiple devices within a LAN and manages data traffic efficiently.

  • Hub: A basic device that connects computers but sends data to all devices, not just the intended one.

  • Network Interface Card (NIC): Hardware inside a computer that enables network connection.

  • Cables: Physical media like Ethernet cables used for wired connections.

  • Access Point: Allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network.

Network Topologies

Network topology refers to how computers and devices are arranged in a network.

  • Bus Topology: All devices share a single communication line.

  • Star Topology: All devices connect to a central hub or switch.

  • Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circular path.

  • Mesh Topology: Every device connects to every other device, offering high reliability.

  • Hybrid Topology: Combines two or more topologies for flexibility.



The Various Network Topologies

Advantages of Networking

Networking makes communication faster and easier. It allows resource sharing, reduces costs, and improves collaboration. Users can access centralized data, share printers, and connect to the internet seamlessly. It also supports remote work and online learning.

Disadvantages of Networking

Networks can be expensive to set up and maintain. They are vulnerable to security threats like viruses and hacking. If the network fails, communication and data sharing are disrupted. Managing large networks requires skilled administrators.

Network Security

Network security involves protecting data and devices from unauthorized access, misuse, or damage. Common methods include firewalls, antivirus software, encryption, and strong passwords. Secure networks ensure privacy and reliability for users.

Networking is the foundation of modern ICT. It connects people, devices, and organizations worldwide, enabling communication, collaboration, and innovation. Understanding networking helps students grasp how the internet and digital systems operate making it one of the most essential topics in computer studies.

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